Effects of Trainer Continuity and Experience on Neurofeedback Treatment of ADHD in Children.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether trainer continuity and experience impacted the significantly improved inattention scores (pre-post d = 1.44-1.53) seen in both the control and active treatment groups of "Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial of Neurofeedback for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder" (2021). METHODS: The primary trainer was the one who coached the most treatment sessions with a participant. A trainer was considered experienced after coaching 100 sessions. The percentage of sessions each participant had with their primary trainer and percentage with an experienced trainer were entered as independent variables into linear mixed models in SASv.9.4 with improvement in inattention ratings by parents and teachers (primary outcome) as dependent variable. RESULTS: Effect of trainer continuity on primary outcome was not significant (B = -0.016, SE = 0.153, t(123) = -0.11, p = .916). However, percent of sessions with an experienced trainer correlated with increased improvement (B = 0.238, SE = 0.095, t(123) = 2.51, p = .013). CONCLUSION: Neurofeedback trainer continuity does not appear important, while trainer experience with at least 100 sessions correlates with better outcomes.

For Which Children with ADHD is TBR Neurofeedback Effective? Comorbidity as a Moderator.

We examined psychiatric comorbidities moderation of a 2-site double-blind randomized clinical trial of theta/beta-ratio (TBR) neurofeedback (NF) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Seven-to-ten-year-olds with ADHD received either NF (n = 84) or Control (n = 58) for 38 treatments. Outcome was change in parent-/teacher-rated inattention from baseline to end-of-treatment (acute effect), and 13-month-follow-up. Seventy percent had at least one comorbidity: oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (50%), specific phobias (27%), generalized anxiety (23%), separation anxiety (16%). Comorbidities were grouped into anxiety alone (20%), ODD alone (23%), neither (30%), or both (27%). Comorbidity (p = 0.043) moderated acute effect; those with anxiety-alone responded better to Control than to TBR NF (d = - 0.79, CI - 1.55- - 0.04), and the other groups showed a slightly better response to TBR NF than to Control (d = 0.22 ~ 0.31, CI - 0.3-0.98). At 13-months, ODD-alone group responded better to NF than Control (d = 0.74, CI 0.05-1.43). TBR NF is not indicated for ADHD with comorbid anxiety but may benefit ADHD with ODD.Clinical Trials Identifier: NCT02251743, date of registration: 09/17/2014.